Vatican II reshaped Catholicism and launched the ecumenical movement. A Protestant historical analysis of the Council's strategic shift, internal divide, and lasting impact.
Category: Modern Church (20th-21st Century)
Discover the history of Christianity from the Enlightenment to the present day. Explore movements like revivalism, evangelicalism, and the global expansion of the church.
How Higher Criticism Sparked Liberalism and Fundamentalism
Higher criticism of the late 1800s questioned the Bible's authorship and reliability, fueling liberal theology and provoking the fundamentalist response through Spurgeon's Downgrade Controversy and R. A. Torrey's The Fundamentals.